PARUM COLLIGATA (Walker, 1856)

Female Parum colligata. Photo: © BMNH Male Parum colligata. Photo: © BMNH

TAXONOMY

Daphnusa colligata Walker, 1856, List Specimens lepid. Insects Colln. Br. Mus. 8: 238. Type locality: North China.


ADULT DESCRIPTION AND VARIATION

Wingspan: 69--90mm.


Adult Parum colligata in normal resting posture, Taiwan. Photo: © Felix Lin. Adult Parum colligata in normal resting posture, Jiucai Ling, Guizhou, China. Photo: © Viktor Sinjaev.

ADULT BIOLOGY

A forest species in Taiwan (Lin, 2000).


FLIGHT-TIME

China: 21.iii-27.vii (Guangdong); iv (Guizhou; Hong Kong); v (Yunnan); vi (Guangdong; Zhejiang; Hong Kong); 22.vi-10.viii (Shanghai); viii (Fujian; Zhejiang); 5-18.viii (Zhejiang); ix (Shaanxi). Taiwan: 17.iv (Nantou Hsien); iv-v (Hualien Hsien). South Korea: vii [(unstated locality)]. Japan: 14.vi-14.viii (Honshu; Shikoku; Kyushu).

There are one or two generations a year in northern China, with adults flying between May and July (Yang, 1978). Farther south, there may be up to four generations.

Park et al. (1999) give mid May until late September as the flight period in Korea.


EARLY STAGES

OVUM: Laid in masses, oval 1.6 x 1.3 mm, milky white, turning to yellow green before hatching in 6 days; chorion not eaten (Lin, 2000).


Eggs of Parum colligata, Beijing, China. Photo: © Tony Pittaway.

LARVA: Full-fed 50--70mm. First instar larva (L1) head pale yellow, body whitish green, body length 3.75 mm, horn black 1.2 mm, lasting 3 days. Intermediate instar larvae (L2-L5) head and body pale green to yellow green and granulated, head triangular, face with 2 whitish lines, body lateral with oblique whitish line, body length 15-48 mm, horn 3-8 mm. Final instar larvae (L6) head whitish green, with 2 white lines, body whitish green with whitish granulation, lateral with white oblique line, dorso-central with violet red line; horn black in some, 10 mm. Hatching to pre-pupa 27 days, pre-pupa to pupa 4 days (Lin, 2000).


Full-grown larval colour forms of Parum colligata. Image: Mell, 1922b Part-grown final instar green form larva of Parum colligata, Taiwan. Photo: © C.S. Lin Full-grown final instar green form larva of Parum colligata, Beijing Botanical Garden, China. Photo: © Tony Pittaway.

PUPA: 33--35mm. Brown, rough and rugose, not glossy, anterior blunt. Adult eclosion after 12 days (Lin, 2000).


Pupa of Parum colligata. Image: Mell, 1922b Pupa of Parum colligata. Image: Mell, 1922b Pupa of Parum colligata, Beijing, China. Photo: © Tony Pittaway.

Larval hostplants. Recorded in Guangdong on Broussonetia kaempferi and Broussonetia papyrifera (Mell, 1922b); the latter is also utilized around Beijing (Pittaway, pers. obs. 2005). Chu & Wang (1980) also listed Morus alba. Apparently monophagous on Moraceae; the record on Salix (Lin, 1987) is highly suspect.

Recorded in Taiwan on Broussonetia papyrifera (Lin, 2000).

Recorded in Korea on Broussonetia kazinoki and B. papyrifera (Park et al., 1999).

Recorded in Japan from B. kazinoki (Nozakai & Miyata, 1989).


PARASITOIDS

Unknown.


Final instar green form larva of Parum colligata with braconid parasites, Beijing Botanical Garden, China. Photo: © Tony Pittaway.

LOCAL DISTRIBUTION

China: Jilin; Liaoning; Hebei; Beijing (Botanical Garden); Shandong (Qingdao); Shaanxi (Yangling; Xunyang, 1380m); Henan; Anhui; Shanghai; Zhejiang (Ningpo; Tianmu Shan); Hubei (Lichuan; Xianfeng); Sichuan (Kangding; Pengshui; Wulong, near Fuling); Yunnan (Changning Co., Songzhishanding, 2800m); Xizang/Tibet; Guizhou (Jiucai Ling); Hunan (Dayong); Jiangxi (Wanzai); Fujian (Longqi Shan; Guangze, 1200m); Guangdong (Guangzhou); Hong Kong (Clear Water Bay; Sai Kung).

Taiwan: Miaoli Hsien; Taitung; Hualien Hsien (Taroko National Park); Kaohsiung Hsien (Shanping, 640m); Nantou Hsien (Puli; Jenai; Bukai; Nansanchi); Tainan Hsien (Kuantzuling); Taipei Hsien (Fushan).

South Korea: Kyonggi Prov. (Suwon; Gwangleung; Myungji-san; Soyo-san; Baeklyoung-do); Kangwon Prov. (Goseong; Chiak-san; Donghae; Chuncheon; Youngwol); North Chungchong Prov. (Chupungryung; Hwayangdong; Suanbo; Wolak-san); South Chungchong Prov. (Gyeryong-san; Chilgab-san); North Cholla Prov. (Jiri-san; Naebyun-san; Muju); South Cholla Prov. (Baekyang Temple; Naju; Jin-do; Soheuksan-do; Gurye); North Kyongsang Prov. (Sobaek-san; Naeyon-san; Juwang-san; Ulleung-do; Mungyungsaejae; Bongwha; Uisong); South Kyongsang Prov. (Baekun-san; Hwangsuk-san; Hamyang; Jinyang; Yeohang-san; Jinju; Goeje-do; Namhae-do; Jishim-do; Sacheon; Goseong; Milyang; Sancheong; Uiryong; Tongyoung; Hadong; Hapcheon); Cheju Prov. (Cheju-do; Topyung; Seoguipo; Hare-ri; Sungpanak).

Japan: Hokkaido; Honshu (Tokyo; Mikaboyama, 750m); Shikoku (Kuroson; Kochi); Kyushu (Hikosan; Yakuguchi); Tsushima; Ryukyu Archipelago (Amamioshima; Okinawa).


GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION

Occurs from Korea and Japan south throughout eastern and central China and Taiwan to Vietnam, northern Thailand and northeastern Burma/Myanmar (Shan States).


Global distribution of Parum colligata. Map: © BMNH.

BIOGEOGRAPHICAL AFFILIATION

Holarctic; eastern Palaearctic region. Pleistocene refuge: Polycentric -- Japanese, Sinopacific, Sinotibetan and Yunnan refugia.



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© A.R. Pittaway & I.J. Kitching (The Natural History Museum, London)