KENTROCHRYSALIS STRECKERI (Staudinger, 1880)

Female Kentrochrysalis streckeri. Photo: © BMNH Male Kentrochrysalis streckeri. Photo: © BMNH

TAXONOMY

Sphinx streckeri Staudinger, [Nov. 15] 1880, Ent. Nachr. 6: 252. Type locality: [Russia, Primorskiy Kray,] Wladiwostok [Vladivostok].


ADULT DESCRIPTION AND VARIATION

Resting female Kentrochrysalis streckeri, Lake Chanka, Russian Far East. Photo: © Tony Pittaway

ADULT BIOLOGY


FLIGHT-TIME

China: vii (Heilongjiang). North Korea: vii (Jueul, 1500m). Russia: v-viii (Primorskiy Kray).


EARLY STAGES

OVUM: Pale yellow when first laid, almost spherical (2.1 x 1.9mm), shiny and smooth. After 3-4 days turns brownish-purple if fertile. Becomes transparent just before hatching, with the green and purple larva visible within. Laid singly on the underside of a leaf of the hostplant.


Egg of Kentrochrysalis streckeri, Lake Chanka, Russian Far East. Photo: © Tony Pittaway

LARVA: Full-fed 60--65mm. On hatching, the 7mm larva is peppermint green with a purple 'core', particularly for the anterior segments. This purple pigmentation appears to be derived from eating the eggshell as it quickly vanishes after feeding on foliage, the body then becoming a uniform translucent peppermint green. However, the thoracic segments acquire a yellowish tint with growth, and a faint, pale, dorso-lateral line appears. The head is spherical and peppermint green, the horn blackish-purple, paler laterally, with a bifurcated tip. (Very similar to that of Sphinx ligustri, apart from the purple coloration.)

Settles down very quickly under a leaf after hatching, resting along the midrib and eating the leaf from it's tip backwards.

The larva remains basically peppermint green in the second instar, but becomes more yellowish dorsally, more greyish ventrally. With growth, the pale dorso-lateral line fades away except for on the thoracic segments. Pale yellow oblique streaks appear laterally, that from the anal horn more pronounced. The peppermint green head becomes more triangular and develops yellow cheek stripes. The horn remains blackish dorsally and ventrally, but becomes pale yellowish-red laterally. The true legs are translucent pale yellow, the spiracles pale. Final size: 20mm.


Second instar larva of Kentrochrysalis streckeri, Lake Chanka, Russian Far East. Photo: © Tony Pittaway Second instar larva of Kentrochrysalis streckeri, Lake Chanka, Russian Far East. Photo: © Tony Pittaway

In the third instar the basic body colour becomes more apple green, yellowish dorsally, greyish ventrally, and is sparsely covered with raised yellow tubercles, some of which are sharp. The lateral oblique stripes and thoracic dorso-lateral stripe become lemon yellow, the oblique stripe from the horn is bold. The head is broadly oval-triangular, apple green, with pale yellow cheek stripes which may be edged behind with black in some. The large, conical, mainly straight horn is now more or less pale orange, with some blue dorsally, but with black tubercles along both dorsal and ventral surfaces. Final size: 31mm.


Third instar larva of Kentrochrysalis streckeri (dark form), Lake Chanka, Russian Far East. Photo: © Tony Pittaway Third instar larva of Kentrochrysalis streckeri (light form), Lake Chanka, Russian Far East. Photo: © Tony Pittaway

In the fourth instar, which is the last for most, the basic body colour remains the same, i.e. apple green, yellowish dorsally, greyish ventrally. The now lemon yellow body tubercles, which may be raised or mere spots, are arranged in concentric rings, and are paler and smaller ventrally. The lateral oblique stripes and thoracic dorso-lateral stripe are still lemon yellow, but are now 'edged' frontad with clear green. The oblique stripe from the horn is very bold and more creamy, and is often edged along the front with carmine red, as are some of the others. This carmine colour may also appear in many as a diffuse flush around the spiracles, this sometimes joining up below and around the base of the oblique lateral stripes to form an irregular band. The head is still broadly oval-triangular, but now with a blue-green face and creamy-white cheek stripes, which may be edged behind with black in some. Both black and cream stripes are broken at the indented vertex. The long, conical, mainly straight horn is now more orange-to-carmine red, with some blue dorsally, but still with black tubercles along both dorsal and ventral surfaces. The true legs are orange edged with yellow, and darker at the base. Feet of claspers paler than body; anal clasper edged with black above foot. Spiracles orange with a yellow vertical bar centrally. Prior to pupation the dorsal surface becomes plum brown. Final size: 60--65mm.


Fourth and final instar larva of Kentrochrysalis streckeri (marked form), Lake Chanka, Russian Far East. Photo: © Tony Pittaway

PUPA: 42--47mm. Mid to dark mahogany brown, and rugose, i.e. not glossy; elongate. Head with a pair of forward-projecting ridges, and with tubercular knobs over the eyes and tongue base. Antennae carinate, with a ridge of fine, sharp, backward-pointing spines along their entire length. Wing-cases ribbed. Abdomen weakly carinate dorsally and with spiny tubercles at the shoulders and wing bases. First and second mobile abdominal segments (i.e. abdominal segments 5 and 6) with a twin pair of broad-based spines ventro-laterad. Cremaster long (4mm), conical, sharply pointed, with three pairs of lateral spines and two sharp tubercles at the base ventrally. Formed in an almost silk-free cell in the soil. The overwintering stage.


Pupa of Kentrochrysalis streckeri, Lake Chanka, Russian Far East. Photo: © Tony Pittaway

Larval hostplants. Recorded in Primorskiy Kray, Russia, on Fraxinus, Ligustrum and Syringa (Derzhavets, 1984); Izerskiy (1999b) gives Fraxinus mandshurica.


PARASITOIDS


LOCAL DISTRIBUTION

China: Heilongjiang (Zhaodong; Harbin); Beijing (Baihua Shan); Shanxi (Wutai Shan); ?Hubei (Lichuan); ?Sichuan (Kangding).

The records from Hubei and Sichuan may be miss-labelled specimens which have been at some time confused with Kentrochrysalis sieversi.

Mongolia.

North Korea: North Hamgyong Prov. (Jueul, 1500m).

Russia: Primorskiy Kray (Andreevka; Askold Island; Vladivostok; Narva; Novoselskiy, Lake Chanka; Kedrovaya Pad nature reserve; Barabash).


GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION

Mongolia, Russian Far East, northeastern China and North Korea.


Global distribution of Kentrochrysalis streckeri. Map: © BMNH.

BIOGEOGRAPHICAL AFFILIATION



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© A.R. Pittaway & I.J. Kitching (The Natural History Museum, London)