HEMARIS AFFINIS (Bremer, 1861)

Female Hemaris affinis. Photo: © BMNH Male Hemaris affinis. Photo: © BMNH Male Hemaris affinis. Photo: © BMNH

TAXONOMY

Macroglossa affinis Bremer, 1861, Bull. Acad. imp. Sci. St Pétersb. 3: 475. Type locality: [Russia, Khabarovsk Kray] Ussuri, <<between the mouth of the Ussuri river and the Noor [He] river>>.


ADULT DESCRIPTION AND VARIATION

Wingspan: 43-54mm. As with all other members of this genus, the adult emerges from the pupa with wings fully scaled. The hyaline areas only appear after the first flight after the scales are shed.


Resting female of Hemaris affinis before flight, Beijing, China. Photo: © Tony Pittaway. Resting female of Hemaris affinis after flight, Beijing, China. Photo: © Tony Pittaway. Resting male of Hemaris affinis, Beijing, China. Photo: © Tony Pittaway.

ADULT BIOLOGY

A woodland species, but preferring the margins, where it flies all day (Izerskiy, 1999b). However, this species has adapted well to the bigger parks and gardens of Beijing, where it can be found breeding in the shrubberies under trees (Pittaway, pers. obs. 2003).


FLIGHT-TIME

China: iv (Shandong); v (Gansu); vi (Jiangsu; Sichuan); vii (Chongqing; Gansu; Hubei; Heilongjiang); vii-viii (Shandong); viii (Zhejiang); 2.ix (Beijing). Taiwan: v ([unstated locality]); vi (Nantou Hsien). Japan: iv-viii (Honshu); 4.vi-1.vii (Hokkaido). Russia: 5.vi-15.vii (Primorskiy Kray); 14.vii (Khabarovsk Kray); 3.viii (Primorskiy Kray).

In northern China there are two generations per year, with adults flying between May and late August (Yang, 1978).

Park et al. (1999) give early May until early November as the flight period in Korea.


EARLY STAGES

OVUM:

LARVA:

Found under the terminal twigs of mid-level branches 0.5-1.5m off the ground, never those on top of a shrub. Common in and around Beijing on ornamental shrubs of Lonicera maackii during late August (Pittaway, pers. obs. 2003).


Full-grown larva of Hemaris affinis, Beijing, China. Photo: © Tony Pittaway Full-grown larva of Hemaris affinis, Beijing, China. Photo: © Tony Pittaway

PUPA: 33mm. Very dark brown, almost black, but mahogany brown between the abdominal segments; tapering caudad from a forward projecting head. Head not tuberculate, but with two small downward-pointing sharp hooks frontad. Proboscis not produced and lying flush with and between the slightly carinate wing-cases. Wings and abdominal segments very finely punctate so as to tone down the gloss. Cremaster broadly triangular, dorso-ventrally flatted, with a sharp point; tuberculate. Formed in a loose brown cocoon among debris on the soil. The overwintering stage.


Pupa of Hemaris affinis, Beijing, China. Photo: © Tony Pittaway Pupa of Hemaris affinis, Beijing, China. Photo: © Tony Pittaway

Larval hostplants. Chistyakov & Belyaev (1984) give Lonicera maackii for the Russian Far East. This is also the main host in the gardens of Beijing (Pittaway, pers. obs. 2003). Recorded in Korea on Lonicera japonica and Patrinia scabiosaefolia (Valerinaceae) (Park et al., 1999).

Will investigate and lay eggs on Symphoricarpos in gardens (Pittaway, pers. obs. 2005).


PARASITOIDS


LOCAL DISTRIBUTION

China: Heilongjiang; Liaoning (Shenyang); Bejing (Haidian; Xiangshan; Botanical Garden); Tianjin; Shandong (Yantai; Qingdao); Qinghai (Xining); Gansu (nr. Min Xian, 3200m; Maijishan, 1500m); Jiangsu (Nanking); Zhejiang (Tianmu Shan; Mogan Shan); Hubei (Changyang); Sichuan (Zhongjiang); Chongqing (Jinfo Shan); south Xizang/Tibet (Bomi, 2750m); Fujian (Liufang); Hong Kong.

Taiwan: Nantou Hsien (Jinyüeh Tan).

Mongolia: Changai Mts.

North Korea: Kangwon Prov. (Daeseong-san); South Hamgyong Prov. (Wonsan); North Hamgyong Prov. (Musan).

South Korea: Seoul; Bukhan-san); Kyonggi Prov. (Dobong-san; Suri-san; Gwangleung; Imjingak; Chukryong-san; Aeng-mubong; Cheonma-san; Paldang; Soyo-san; Mugab-san; Myungji-san); Kangwon Prov. (Seolak-san; Odae-san; Yangyang; Balwang-san; Chiak-san; Chuncheon; Hoenggye; Oksu Temple; Baeduk-san; Palbong-san; Sangyong); South Chungchong Prov. (Gyeryong-san); North Cholla Prov. (Jiri-san; Naejang-san; Namwon); South Cholla Prov. (Mudeung-san; Wolchul-san; Baekun-san; Jogye-san; Seonam Temple; Jin-do; Wan-do); North Kyongsang Prov. (Sobaek-san; Dalseong; Youngyang; Geumleung; Mungyang; Andong; Ulleung-do; Uiseong); South Kyongsang Prov. (Pusan; Geumjung-san; Geoje-do; Namhae; Sancheong; Ulsan; Jinju; Hadong); Cheju Prov. (Ara-dong; Ora-dong; Mokseokwon; Bijarim; Sunheul; Topyung; Susan-ri; Suakbong; Ipseok-dong; Andeok; Gwaneum Temple; Sungpanak).

Japan: Hokkaido (Hakodate; Kushiro; Tokachi); Honshu (Chichibu; Kami-yoshida; Oiwake; Tokei-ji; Gifu; Nikko; Karuizawa; Hoshikawa; Tokyo; Yokohama; Mt Tsurugi; Mt Asama; Nakauonuma; Mt Mitsumine; Mt Iwamuro); Shikoku; Kyushu; Ryukyu Archipelago (Okinawa).

Russia: Khabarovsk Kray (Slavyanka; Komsomol'sk-na-Amur); Primorskiy Kray (Khasan; Narva; Askold Island; Vladivostok; gora Tsamo-Dynza; gora Chernaya, 1100m; Partizansk; Tigrovoy; Anisimovka; Ussuriysk; Vinogradovka; Barabash-Levada; Ryazanovka; Kedrovaya Pad nature reserve); Kurile Islands (Kunashir Island); Sakhalin Island.


GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION

Mongolia, Russian Far East, northern, central and eastern China, Taiwan, North Korea, South Korea, and Japan.


Global distribution of Hemaris affinis. Map: © BMNH.

BIOGEOGRAPHICAL AFFILIATION



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© A.R. Pittaway & I.J. Kitching (The Natural History Museum, London)